While the industry debates models, parameters, and computer architectures, a more consequential story is unfolding at the signal level. Every autonomous system, no matter how sophisticated its software, must sense the real world, respond to it, and act within it.
The Signal Beneath the Intelligence
Karthi Gopalan, VP of Business Strategy | Renesas Electronics
An AI-powered robot can appear incredibly intelligent—until a bad signal tells it the wrong thing. A robotic arm that misreads its position by a fraction of a degree may grab the wrong part. A warehouse robot with noise sensor data may stop suddenly or drift off course. A humanoid robot that loses accurate feedback in its fingertips may drop what it is holding. Or worse, it could become a safety risk.
The gadget itself doesn't know it's wrong. It just acts—confidently, precisely, and in the wrong direction. Confidence without accuracy isn't intelligence. It's a liability.
Artificial intelligence has become the operating layer of the entire physical world, embedded in factories, vehicles, robots, satellites, and data centers. AI has gone horizontal, but beneath every intelligent system, there is a foundation that makes it all possible. That foundation is analog.
While the industry debates models, parameters, and computer architectures, a quieter and more consequential story is unfolding at the signal level. Every autonomous system, no matter how sophisticated its software, must ultimately sense the real world, respond to it, and act within it. The interface between the physical and the digital is analog, and as systems grow more intelligent, that interface doesn't just grow, it multiplies.
In humanoid robotics, the analog signal chain enables intelligence to physically interact with the real world. Analog ICs help robots translate reality into something digital intelligence can understand, for example:
- they sense real-world conditions
- condition and amplify the signals
- filter out noise
- convert them into digital data that AI processors and software can use
The "signal chain" is the end-to-end path from sensors through analog front ends, conversion, synchronization, power, and control up to the data the model actually sees. The more capable the robot is, the more demanding the signal chain it becomes.
For AI at the edge, the question is whether the analog foundation beneath it is deep enough, not just to make it trustworthy, but to make it fast, precise, and capable of performing at the highest level the application demands.
The Analog Complexity Curve
To see what that means in practice, it helps to name the pattern that shows up every time physical AI moves from prototypes to production.
There is a pattern that repeats across every domain where physical AI is taking hold. As machines grow more capable, autonomous, precise, and safety-critical, the analog and mixed-signal content required to run them does not grow linearly, it compounds.
Note: Multipliers are directional and illustrative, to show the shape of the curve.
Figure 1. Analog IC Content is Proportional to Autonomy
In Figure 1, as autonomy rises, analog content compounds: more sensor interfaces, more data converters, more motor-control channels, more power rails, and tighter safety monitoring.
The humanoid is where the curve makes its fullest argument. Every gesture, every step, every decision traces back through more than 200 analog ICs spanning motor control at every joint, position sensing, torque and force feedback, power management, and a perception layer covering LiDAR, vision, touch, pressure, and impedance (Figure 2). At the fingertip, where millimeters and milliseconds determine whether a grasp succeeds, the architecture replicates itself again. Intelligence rises. The signal chain deepens with it, and at every layer, the demand is not merely for a signal that is good enough to trust, it is for a signal that is accurate enough, fast enough, and stable enough to perform.
Figure 2. Quantity of ICs Spanning Motor Control at Every Joint of a Humanoid
Figure 3. Humanoid Platform Signal Chain Anatomy
A humanoid's signal chain repeats at every joint: motor drive and current sensing, position feedback (encoders/resolvers), torque/force feedback, local power management, and high-integrity communications—extending to fingertip pressure/impedance sensing for stable grasp (Figure 3). Analog is not beneath AI. It is what makes AI physical. And Renesas is built, end-to-end, to deliver it.
Why Real-World Robotics is So Challenging
Industrial environments are electrically hostile. Temperature swings, vibration, electromagnetic noise, and long cable runs degrade signal quality in ways software cannot compensate for after the fact. A position sensor that drifts by half a degree under thermal stress doesn't generate an error flag, it generates a wrong answer that the AI system acts on with full confidence. This is the gap between AI that performs in the lab and AI that performs in the field.
Bridging requires not just components but an end-to-end signal architecture where sensing, control, power, and connectivity are engineered to work as one system, not bolted together as an afterthought. For robotics developers, this is the complexity that challenges design.
In physical AI, accuracy isn't a single spec—it's a system property. It lives in calibration, timing, power integrity, and fault-aware control. Sensing, motor control, power delivery, and communications can no longer be treated as secondary hardware decisions added or altered later in the development cycle. It all must be designed together from the beginning.
The Future of Robotics
The systems that win won't be the ones with the largest models. They will be the ones that deliver the most reliable performance in the real world across temperature, vibration, latency, noise, power budgets, safety constraints, and long lifecycles.
If you're building physical AI, treat analog as a first-class design axis: architect it early, budget for it explicitly, and engineer sensing, control, power, and connectivity as one system, not a pile of parts.
Bridging requires not just components but an end-to-end signal architecture — where sensing, control, power, and connectivity are engineered to work as one system, not bolted together as an afterthought (Figure 4).
Figure 4: The Cost of Getting It Wrong — and What Getting It Right Delivers
The robots that earn trust in the real world — on the factory floor, in the warehouse, in the home — won't be distinguished by the size of their models. They will be distinguished by whether the signal beneath the intelligence was architected to last: designed early, built as one system, and engineered to perform across every condition the real world can deliver.
AI goes horizontal. The signal chain has to go deep. That race is already underway.
The content & opinions in this article are the author’s and do not necessarily represent the views of RoboticsTomorrow
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